Smokeless tobacco, sport and the heart.
Fiche publication
Date publication
janvier 2015
Journal
Archives of cardiovascular diseases
Auteurs
Membres identifiés du Cancéropôle Est :
Pr COTTIN Yves
Tous les auteurs :
Chagué F, Guenancia C, Gudjoncik A, Moreau D, Cottin Y, Zeller M
Lien Pubmed
Résumé
Smokeless tobacco (snuff) is a finely ground or shredded tobacco that is sniffed through the nose or placed between the cheek and gum. Chewing tobacco is used by putting a wad of tobacco inside the cheek. Smokeless tobacco is widely used by young athletes to enhance performance because nicotine improves some aspects of physiology. However, smokeless tobacco has harmful health effects, including cardiovascular disorders, linked to nicotine physiological effects, mainly through catecholamine release. Nicotine decreases heart rate variability and the ventricular fibrillation threshold, and promotes the occurrence of various arrhythmias; it also impairs endothelial-dependent vasodilation and could therefore promote premature atherogenesis. At rest, heart rate, blood pressure, inotropism, cardiac output and myocardial oxygen consumption are increased by nicotine, leading to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply. The same occurs at submaximal levels of exercise. These increases are accompanied by a rise in systemic resistances. At maximal exercise, heart rate, cardiac output and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) are unaffected by nicotine. Because endothelial dysfunction is promoted by nicotine, paradoxical coronary vasoconstriction may occur during exercise and recovery. Nicotine induces a decrease in muscular strength and impairs anaerobic performance. However, nicotine is used in sports as it diminishes anxiety, enhances concentration and agility, improves aerobic performance and favours weight control. Importantly, smokeless tobacco, similar to cigarette smoking, leads to nicotine dependence through dopaminergic pathways. Smokeless tobacco has harmful cardiovascular effects and is addictive: it fulfils all the criteria for inclusion in the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited list as a doping product. Smokeless tobacco use in sporting activities must be discouraged.
Mots clés
Athletes, Athletic Performance, Cardiovascular System, drug effects, Doping in Sports, Hemodynamics, drug effects, Humans, Mastication, Nicotine, adverse effects, Nicotinic Agonists, adverse effects, Performance-Enhancing Substances, adverse effects, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Tobacco, Smokeless, adverse effects
Référence
Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2015 Jan;108(1):75-83